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automatic background control

  • 1 automatic background control

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > automatic background control

  • 2 automatska kontrola brujanja

    • automatic background control

    Serbian-English dictionary > automatska kontrola brujanja

  • 3 automatyczna regulacja tła

    • automatic background control

    Słownik polsko-angielski dla inżynierów > automatyczna regulacja tła

  • 4 автоматическое подавление фона

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > автоматическое подавление фона

  • 5 автоматическая регулировка яркости

    1. automatic background control

     

    автоматическая регулировка яркости
    -
    [ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/term13038.php]

    Тематики

    • электронная техника, основные понятия

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > автоматическая регулировка яркости

  • 6 автоматическое подавление фона

    1. automatic background control

     

    автоматическое подавление фона
    —
    [Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > автоматическое подавление фона

  • 7 ABC

    ABC automatic background control; automatic bass compensation; automatic brightness control

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > ABC

  • 8 автоматическое регулирование яркости

    2) Oil: control

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > автоматическое регулирование яркости

  • 9 автоматическая регулировка яркости

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > автоматическая регулировка яркости

  • 10 automatisk lysstyrkekontroll

    subst. (teleteknikk) automatic brightness control, automatic background control

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > automatisk lysstyrkekontroll

  • 11 автоматическая регулировка яркости

    тлв.

    Russian-English dictionary of telecommunications > автоматическая регулировка яркости

  • 12 АРЯ

    тлв.

    Russian-English dictionary of telecommunications > АРЯ

  • 13 автоматическая установочная регулировка яркости

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > автоматическая установочная регулировка яркости

  • 14 автоматическое подавление фона

    Telecommunications: automatic background control

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > автоматическое подавление фона

  • 15 уровень

    автоматическое управление уровнем
    automatic level control
    безопасный уровень
    safe level
    боковой фактический уровень шума
    actual sideline noise level
    величина уровня шума
    noise level value
    высота над уровнем моря
    altitude above sea level
    выходной уровень
    output level
    годность по уровню шума
    noiseworthiness
    давление над уровнем моря
    mean sea level pressure
    доводить до уровня годности к полетам
    render airworthy
    допустимый уровень безопасности
    margin of safety
    допустимый уровень шума
    permissible noise level
    заданный уровень безопасности полетов
    target level of safety
    замер уровня бокового шума
    sideline measurement
    запрет полетов из-за превышения допустимого уровня шума
    noise curfew
    излучение шума определенного уровня
    noise level radiation
    измерение фактического уровня шума
    actual noise level measurement
    исходный акустический уровень
    acoustic reference level
    исходный уровень тарифа
    reference fare level
    карта замера уровня звука
    sound level history
    комплексный показатель уровня шума
    composite noise rating
    контрольное окно уровня масла
    oil level hole
    контроль уровня шума
    noise control
    контур равного уровня шума
    equal noise contour
    контур уровня шума
    noise dose contour
    контур уровня шума в районе аэропорта
    airport noise contour
    кривая снижения уровня шума
    noise level attenuation curve
    линия уровня глаз
    eye level path
    максимально допустимый уровень шума
    maximum permissible noise level
    маршрут с минимальным уровнем шума
    minimum noise route
    модификация со сниженным уровнем шума
    noise reduction modification
    над уровнем земной поверхности
    above ground level
    над уровнем моря
    above mean sea level
    наклон кривой уровня
    slope of level
    (шумов) на уровне земли
    at the ground level
    нормативный уровень шума
    standard noise level
    оценка уровня шума
    noise evaluation
    пиковый уровень воспринимаемого шума
    peak perceived noise level
    плотность воздуха на уровне моря
    sea level atmospheric density
    предохранительный щиток уровня
    safety level
    предпочтительная по уровню шума ВПП
    noise preferential runway
    предпочтительный по уровню шума маршрут
    noise preferential route
    проверка уровня квалификации
    competency check
    проверка уровня подготовки
    qualification trial
    проверка уровня профессиональной подготовки
    proficiency check
    расчетный уровень шума
    design noise level
    сертификационный уровень шума
    certificated noise level
    сигнализатор уровня
    level switch
    (напр. топлива) среднесуточный уровень шума
    day-night sound level
    средний уровень моря
    mean sea level
    стандартный отраслевой уровень тарифов
    standard industry fare level
    стандартный уровень зарубежных тарифов
    standard foreign fare level
    суммарный уровень звукового давления
    overall sound pressure level
    температура на уровне моря
    sea-level temperature
    трубка уровня
    sight gage
    указатель уровня
    level gage
    указатель уровня в баке
    tank level indicator
    уменьшать уровень шума
    reduce noise level
    уровень аварийности
    1. fatality rate
    2. accident rate уровень авиационной подготовки
    aeronautical proficiency
    уровень безопасности
    1. safety rate
    2. level of safety 3. factor of safety уровень безопасности полетов воздушного судна
    aircraft safety factor
    уровень ВПП
    runway level
    уровень девиации
    deviation factor
    уровень доходов
    revenue yield
    уровень записи
    recording level
    уровень звукового воздействия
    sound exposure level
    уровень звукового давления
    1. noise pressure level
    2. sound pressure level уровень земной поверхности
    ground level
    уровень квалификации
    1. skill level
    2. degree of skill уровень квалификации пилота
    pilot ability level
    уровень летной годности
    level of airworthiness
    уровень летной подготовки
    pilot experience level
    уровень международной стандартной атмосферы
    international standard atmosphere level
    уровень моря
    sea level
    уровень непрерывно воспринимаемого шума
    continuous perceived noise level
    уровень окружающего шума
    ambient noise level
    уровень освещенности
    illumination level
    уровень полетного шума
    flyover noise level
    уровень положения глаз над антенной
    eye-to-aerial height
    уровень положения глаз над колесами шасси
    eye-to-wheel height
    уровень положения глаз над порогом ВПП
    eye height over the threshold
    уровень помех речевой связи
    level of speech interference
    уровень превышения порога ВПП
    threshold level
    уровень расхода топлива
    fuel consumption rate
    уровень регулярности
    regularity rate
    уровень тарифов
    fare level
    уровень технического обслуживания
    maintenance competency
    уровень фона
    background level
    уровень шума
    1. noise floor
    2. noise level уровень шума в населенном пункте
    community noise level
    уровень шума при заходе на посадку
    approach noise level
    уровень шумового фона в кабине экипажа
    flight deck aural environment
    уровень шумового фона в районе аэропорта
    acoustic airport environment
    уровень электролита в аккумуляторе
    battery electrolyte level
    устройство для снижения уровня шума
    noise abatement device
    характеристики уровня безопасности
    safe features
    штраф за превышение установленного уровня шума
    noise charge

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > уровень

  • 16 auto

    m.
    1 car (coche).
    autos de choque Dodgems®, bumper cars
    2 (mystery) play (literature).
    auto de Navidad Nativity play
    3 writ, sentence, resolution from a court of law, breve.
    4 court order.
    * * *
    1 DERECHO decree, writ
    2 LITERATURA mystery play, religious play
    1 papers, documents
    \
    estar en autos familiar to be in the know
    auto de prisión arrest warrant
    ————————
    1 (coche) car
    \
    autos de choque bumper cars
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) automobile, car
    2) sentence, decision
    * * *
    I
    SM esp Cono Sur car, automobile (EEUU)

    auto de choque — bumper car, dodgem (Brit)

    II
    SM
    1) (Jur) edict, judicial decree

    auto de comparecencia — summons, subpoena (EEUU)

    auto de procesamiento — charge, indictment

    2) pl autos (=documentos) proceedings, court record sing
    3) (Rel, Teat) mystery play, religious play
    4) ( Hist)

    hacer un auto de fe de algo — † (fig) to burn sth

    * * *
    1) (esp CS) (Auto) car, automobile (AmE)
    2) (Der) ( resolución) decision; ( orden) order, writ
    3) autos masculino plural ( documentación) proceedings (pl)

    el día/la fecha de autos — the day/date of the offense

    4) (Lit, Teatr) play
    •
    * * *
    = record.
    Nota: Constancia de las declaraciones de las diferentes partes implicadas en un juicio.
    Ex. Enter the official proceedings and records of criminal trial, impeachment, courts-martial, etc., under the heading for the person or body prosecuted.
    ----
    * auto de comparecencia = subpoena, summons, judicial summons.
    * auto judicial = writ.
    * auto sacramental = mystery play.
    * * *
    1) (esp CS) (Auto) car, automobile (AmE)
    2) (Der) ( resolución) decision; ( orden) order, writ
    3) autos masculino plural ( documentación) proceedings (pl)

    el día/la fecha de autos — the day/date of the offense

    4) (Lit, Teatr) play
    •
    * * *
    Nota: Constancia de las declaraciones de las diferentes partes implicadas en un juicio.

    Ex: Enter the official proceedings and records of criminal trial, impeachment, courts-martial, etc., under the heading for the person or body prosecuted.

    * auto de comparecencia = subpoena, summons, judicial summons.
    * auto judicial = writ.
    * auto sacramental = mystery play.

    * * *
    A ( esp CS) ( Auto) car, auto ( AmE), automobile ( AmE)
    Compuestos:
    ( esp CS) racing car
    mpl bumper cars (pl), Dodgems® (pl) ( BrE)
    (CS) sports car
    B ( Der) (resolución) decision; (orden) order, writ
    Compuestos:
    subpoena, summons
    attachment order, writ of attachment
    auto-da-fé
    committal, committal order
    committal for trial
    se dictó auto de procesamiento contra ella she was committed for trial
    C autos mpl (documentación) proceedings (pl)
    constar en autos to be proven
    el día/la fecha de autos the day/date of the offense
    D ( Lit, Teatr) play
    Compuestos:
    passion play
    * * *

     

    auto sustantivo masculino
    1 (esp CS) (Auto) car, automobile (AmE);

    autitos chocadores (RPl bumper cars
    2 (Lit, Teatr) play
    auto 1 sustantivo masculino car
    auto 2 sustantivo masculino Jur (orden) court order, decree, writ
    auto de comparecencia, subpoena
    auto de procesamiento, committal
    ♦ Locuciones: de autos, in question: la noche de autos, the night in question
    ' auto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acelerador
    - adelantamiento
    - adherencia
    - agarre
    - aire
    - aleta
    - amortiguador
    - arrancar
    - arranque
    - atropellar
    - atropello
    - baca
    - batería
    - baúl
    - bujía
    - cadena
    - caja
    - calarse
    - cámara
    - cambio
    - camión
    - capó
    - carril
    - carrocería
    - catalizador
    - catalizadora
    - cepo
    - chasis
    - chequeo
    - cilindrada
    - circuito
    - circulación
    - circulatoria
    - circulatorio
    - cojinete
    - colisión
    - conducir
    - conductor
    - conductora
    - contacto
    - continua
    - continuo
    - convertible
    - copiloto
    - corta
    - corto
    - cuarta
    - cuarto
    - culata
    - defensa
    English:
    apply
    - auto
    - automatic
    - automatic transmission
    - B
    - back
    - back up
    - backfire
    - battery
    - belt up
    - blinkers
    - blow
    - blowout
    - body
    - bodywork
    - bonnet
    - boot
    - bottleneck
    - bottom gear
    - brake
    - breakdown
    - breath test
    - bumper
    - camper
    - cap
    - capacity
    - car
    - change
    - change down
    - change up
    - choke
    - clutch
    - coach
    - coast
    - compact
    - component
    - control
    - convertible
    - corner
    - cruise
    - cut in
    - dashboard
    - dead
    - defrost
    - diesel engine
    - dip
    - disc brakes
    - disengage
    - distributor
    - drive
    * * *
    auto nm
    1. esp CSur [coche] car
    CSur auto de alquiler hire car; CSur auto antiguo [de antes de 1930] vintage car; [más moderno] classic car; CSur auto bomba car bomb; CSur auto de carreras racing car;
    autos de choque bumper cars, Br Dodgems®;
    CSur auto deportivo sports car; CSur auto de época [de antes de 1930] vintage car; [más moderno] classic car; Chile autos locos bumper cars, Br Dodgems®; CSur auto sport sports car
    2. Der [resolución] judicial decree
    auto judicial judicial decree;
    auto de prisión arrest warrant;
    auto de procesamiento committal for trial order;
    3. Der
    autos [documentos] case documents;
    constar en autos to be recorded in the case documents;
    la noche de autos the night of the crime;
    poner a alguien en autos [en antecedentes] to inform sb of the background
    4. Hist auto de fe auto-da-fé, = public punishment of heretics by the Inquisition
    5. Lit = short play with biblical or allegorical subject, ≈ mystery play
    auto de Navidad Nativity play;
    auto navideño Nativity play;
    auto sacramental = allegorical play celebrating the Eucharist
    * * *
    1 m
    1 JUR order;
    dictar auto de detención issue an arrest warrant
    2
    :
    autos pl JUR proceedings;
    consta en autos it is a matter of record
    3
    :
    lugar de autos crime scene
    4 L.Am.
    AUTO car
    2 pref self
    * * *
    auto nm
    : auto, car
    * * *
    auto n car

    Spanish-English dictionary > auto

  • 17 настройка (агрегата)


    adjustment
    - (радиоустройства с помощью органов управления на определенную частоту) — tuning. adjusting tuning circuits in а radio transmitter or receiver at any given frequency.
    - (регулировка) — adjustment
    -, автоматическая — automatic tuning
    -, бесшумная — squelch control
    бесшумная настройка обеспечивает подавление фоновых шумов при отсутствии приема передачи. — the squelch control provides no background noise when no transmission is being received.
    - в резонанс — resonance tuning
    -, грубая — coarse tuning
    - (выставление) курсовой системы — compass system alignment
    - на максимум — tuning for maximum
    - на станцию — tuning in radio station
    - на частоту — tuning to frequency
    - регулятора оборотов — speed governor adjustment
    -, точная — fine tuning
    диапазон h. — tuning range
    таблица h. — tuning chart
    дайте h. — transmit for tuning

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > настройка (агрегата)

  • 18 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 19 Sperry, Elmer Ambrose

    [br]
    b. 21 October 1860 Cincinnatus, Cortland County, New York, USA
    d. 16 June 1930 Brooklyn, New York, USA
    [br]
    American entrepreneur who invented the gyrocompass.
    [br]
    Sperry was born into a farming community in Cortland County. He received a rudimentary education at the local school, but an interest in mechanical devices was aroused by the agricultural machinery he saw around him. His attendance at the Normal School in Cortland provided a useful theoretical background to his practical knowledge. He emerged in 1880 with an urge to pursue invention in electrical engineering, then a new and growing branch of technology. Within two years he was able to patent and demonstrate his arc lighting system, complete with its own generator, incorporating new methods of regulating its output. The Sperry Electric Light, Motor and Car Brake Company was set up to make and market the system, but it was difficult to keep pace with electric-lighting developments such as the incandescent lamp and alternating current, and the company ceased in 1887 and was replaced by the Sperry Electric Company, which itself was taken over by the General Electric Company.
    In the 1890s Sperry made useful inventions in electric mining machinery and then in electric street-or tramcars, with his patent electric brake and control system. The patents for the brake were important enough to be bought by General Electric. From 1894 to 1900 he was manufacturing electric motor cars of his own design, and in 1900 he set up a laboratory in Washington, where he pursued various electrochemical processes.
    In 1896 he began to work on the practical application of the principle of the gyroscope, where Sperry achieved his most notable inventions, the first of which was the gyrostabilizer for ships. The relatively narrow-hulled steamship rolled badly in heavy seas and in 1904 Ernst Otto Schuck, a German naval engineer, and Louis Brennan in England began experiments to correct this; their work stimulated Sperry to develop his own device. In 1908 he patented the active gyrostabilizer, which acted to correct a ship's roll as soon as it started. Three years later the US Navy agreed to try it on a destroyer, the USS Worden. The successful trials of the following year led to widespread adoption. Meanwhile, in 1910, Sperry set up the Sperry Gyroscope Company to extend the application to commercial shipping.
    At the same time, Sperry was working to apply the gyroscope principle to the ship's compass. The magnetic compass had worked well in wooden ships, but iron hulls and electrical machinery confused it. The great powers' race to build up their navies instigated an urgent search for a solution. In Germany, Anschütz-Kämpfe (1872–1931) in 1903 tested a form of gyrocompass and was encouraged by the authorities to demonstrate the device on the German flagship, the Deutschland. Its success led Sperry to develop his own version: fortunately for him, the US Navy preferred a home-grown product to a German one and gave Sperry all the backing he needed. A successful trial on a destroyer led to widespread acceptance in the US Navy, and Sperry was soon receiving orders from the British Admiralty and the Russian Navy.
    In the rapidly developing field of aeronautics, automatic stabilization was becoming an urgent need. In 1912 Sperry began work on a gyrostabilizer for aircraft. Two years later he was able to stage a spectacular demonstration of such a device at an air show near Paris.
    Sperry continued research, development and promotion in military and aviation technology almost to the last. In 1926 he sold the Sperry Gyroscope Company to enable him to devote more time to invention.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    John Fritz Medal 1927. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1928.
    Bibliography
    Sperry filed over 400 patents, of which two can be singled out: 1908. US patent no. 434,048 (ship gyroscope); 1909. US patent no. 519,533 (ship gyrocompass set).
    Further Reading
    T.P.Hughes, 1971, Elmer Sperry, Inventor and Engineer, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (a full and well-documented biography, with lists of his patents and published writings).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Sperry, Elmer Ambrose

  • 20 коррекция

    коррекция сущ
    correction
    автоматическая коррекция ошибок
    automatic error correction
    акустическая коррекция
    acoustic correction
    выключатель поперечной коррекции
    roll erection torque switch
    (авиагоризонта) двигатель азимутальной коррекции
    azimuth torque motor
    двигатель горизонтальной коррекции
    leveling torque motor
    двигатель магнитной коррекции
    slaving torque motor
    двигатель поперечной коррекции
    roll erection torque motor
    двигатель продольной коррекции
    pitch erection torque motor
    дистанционная коррекция
    slaving
    доворот для коррекции направления полета
    flight corrective turn
    задатчик коррекции навигационного автомата
    navigation computer correction selector
    коррекция амплитудно-частотных искажений
    amplitude-frequency distortion correction
    коррекция гироагрегата
    gyro slaving
    коррекция компаса
    compass correction
    коррекция линейных искажений
    linear distortion correction
    коррекция нелинейных искажений
    nonlinear distortion correction
    коррекция траектории по полученной информации
    reply-to-track correlation
    коррекция угла захода на посадку
    approach angle correction
    коррекция фазовых искажений
    phase distortion correction
    коррекция фона
    background correction
    коррекция частотных искажений
    frequency distortion correction
    курсовая коррекция
    heading correction
    механизм горизонтальной коррекции
    gyro leveling mechanism
    ручка коррекции газа
    throttle control twist grip
    усилитель сигналов коррекции
    slaving amplifier
    фазовая коррекция
    phase correction
    цепь коррекции
    erection circuit
    цикл коррекции
    erection cycle

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > коррекция

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